Many rocks are stained brown because of the presence of iron oxides. That stain can be gently removed without harming the rock using oxalic acid (C
2H
2O
4). Oxalic acid is the preferred treatment for cleaning stains from quartz and pyrite crystals. It can be used (with care) on carbonate minerals, unlike the hydrochloric acid used in the
acid test. Let me show you a typical treatment, starting with this assortment of
gneiss specimens.